NAS vs SAN NAS (Network Attached Storage) Key Points ✔ File-level access ✔ User-friendly web/client portal (backup apps, file browsers) ✔ Simple setup & easy management ✔ Great for collaborative file sharing ✔ Expandable by adding drives (limited at enterprise scale) Protocols SMB / NFS / AFP How it Appears NAS volumes appear as network-mounted folders (shared drives). ...

Insecure Ports vs Secure Ports 🔻 Insecure Ports 21 FTP – Sends credentials in plaintext. 23 TELNET – Unencrypted remote terminal traffic. 25 SMTP – Emails can be intercepted during transit. 37 TIME – Legacy protocol, rarely used today. 53 DNS – Traffic is vulnerable to spoofing. 80 HTTP – Web traffic is not encrypted. 143 IMAP – Email retrieval without encryption. 445 SMB – File sharing transmit...

In today’s IT world, having solid Linux skills has become more of a requirement than an option. Many IT pros are spending time strengthening their Linux administration abilities because it directly improves efficiency, troubleshooting capability, and overall versatility in technical roles. Here are some of the key areas people are focusing on right now: Command-line fundamentals (bash, file systems, permissions) User and group management System performance monitoring and troubleshoot...

Farewell, Windows 10 — End of Life Coming October 14, 2025 After a full decade of service, Windows 10 is finally reaching its end of life on October 14, 2025. Released on July 29, 2015, it became one of Microsoft’s most widely deployed operating systems — bridging the gap between Windows 7 and the new cloud-driven Windows 11 ecosystem. “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” True, but Microsoft will soon stop fixing it for you. What EOL Means No more security updates or bug fixes aft...

🧩 RAID Overview RAID Level 0: Striping A1 A3 A5 A7 disk1 A2 A4 A6 A8 disk2 RAID Level 1: Mirroring A1 A2 A3 A4 disk1 A1 A2 A3 A4 disk2 RAID Level 5: Striping with Parity A1 B1 Cparity disk1 A2 B2 D1 disk2 A3 Bparity C2 disk3 RAID Level 6: Double Parity A1 B1 Cparity Dparity disk1 A2 B2 Cparity* D1 ...

Basic IT Issues & How to Troubleshoot Them Quick fixes for common computer problems 1. Slow Computer Clear Cache Disable Startup Apps Upgrade RAM/SSD 2. Internet Not Working Restart Router Check Cables Reset IP Configuration 3. Printer Not Printing Reinstall Drivers Check Connections Restart Spooler 4. System Freezes Update OS/Software Check for Malware Scan Hard Drive 5. Email Issues Check Server Settings ...

Network Commands For Windows ipconfig Show network configuration ipconfig /all Show detailed IP information nslookup [domain] Query DNS for domain details ipconfig /release Release IP address ipconfig /renew Renew IP address ipconfig /flushdns Clear DNS cache ping [IP] Check network conn to a server tracert [IP] Trace route to a destination pathping [IP] ...

Types of VPN A complete breakdown of the six most common Virtual Private Network types and how they work. Cloud VPN Cloud VPNs connect on-premises systems or users securely to cloud-based environments such as AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud. They enable seamless communication between company data centers and cloud resources over encrypted tunnels. This is ideal for hybrid networks or organizations running distributed workloads that require flexibility and scalability. IPsec VPN...

Fix Windows Restart Issues Using Command Prompt Use these safe, proven Command Prompt fixes when Windows won’t restart properly, is stuck in a reboot loop, or shows boot errors. Run from an elevated Command Prompt (right-click Command Prompt → Run as administrator) or from the Windows Recovery Environment (ShiftRestart → Troubleshoot → Advanced options → Command Prompt). 1) Repair system files Scan and repair corrupted system files. If DISM is available, run it first, then SFC. DISM...

Linux Must Know Commands Navigation & Filesystem pwd Print current working directory ls List directory contents cd [dir] Change directory tree Visualize directory structure find [path] -name '[file]' Find files by name File Operations touch [file] Create empty file rm [file] Remove file rm -r [dir] Remove directory recursively cp [src] [dest] Copy files/directories mv [src] [dest] ...